The Qigong and Energy Medicine Database™ contains abstracts collected by the Qigong Institute since 1984. Use the form below to search for the abstracts you are interested in and read them or print or export them in text format for offline reading.
Title | Author | Journal | Date | |
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Methodological Challenges in Qigong Research | Yount G | First World Symp on Self-Healing & Power of Consciousness | 2001 | VIEW |
Methodological challenges in meditation research. | Caspi O, Burleson KO. | Adv Mind Body Med | 2005 Spring | VIEW |
Method of conducting qi through meridians and collaterals by thought and digital-pressure for health preservation | Wu Jinfu | 4th World Conf Acad Exch Med Qigong | 1998 | VIEW |
Method for conducting microarray study of oxidative stress induced gene expression | Subbaram S, Melendez JA, Chittur SV | Methods Mol Biol. | 2009 | VIEW |
Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study. | Smith RJ, Bryant RG | Biochem Biophys Res Commun. | 1975 Oct 27 | VIEW |
Metabonomic study of the effects of different acupuncture directions on therapeutic efficacy. | Ju L1, Wen Y2, Yin J1, Deng S2, Zheng J2, Wang L1, Deng H1, Hou Z1, Zhao X2, He S2, Huang L2, Zhang C2, Tian G2, Meng Z3, Li Y4. | J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. | 2015 Dec 8 | VIEW |
Metabolomics: Towards Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine. | Zhang A, Sun H, Wang Z, Sun W, Wang P, Wang X. | Planta Med. | 2010 Nov 5 | VIEW |
Metabolomics profiling reveals novel markers for leukocyte telomere length. | Zierer J1,2, Kastenmüller G1,2, Suhre K2,3, Gieger C4,5,6, Codd V7, Tsai PC1, Bell J1, Peters A5, Strauch K8, Schulz H9,10, Weidinger S11, Mohney RP12, Samani NJ7,13, Spector T1, Mangino M1,14, Menni C1. | Aging (Albany NY). | 2016 Jan 20 | VIEW |
Metabolic rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and apneas during meditation | Kesterson J//Clinch NF | Am J Physiol | 1989 | VIEW |
Metabolic effect of bodyweight whole-body vibration in a 20-min exercise session: A crossover study using verified vibration stimulus. | Milanese C1, Cavedon V1, Sandri M1, Tam E1, Piscitelli F1, Boschi F2, Zancanaro C1 | PLoS One. | 2018 Jan 31 | VIEW |
Metabolic control in a state of decreased activation: modulation of red cell metabolism | Jevning R//Wilson AF//Pirkle H//O'Halloran JP//// | Am J Physiol | 1983 | VIEW |
Metabolic and EEG changes during transcendental meditation: an explanation | Fenwick PB//Donaldson S//Gillis L//Bushman J//// | Biol Psychol | 1977 | VIEW |
Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to the performance of Wing Chun and T'ai Chi Chuan exercise | Schneider D//Leung R | International Journal of Sports Medicine | 1991 | VIEW |
Meta-Synthetic investigation into human somatic eigenstates | Yu Hefeng//Yan Xiaoxia | 2nd World Conf Acad Exch Med Qigong | 1993 | VIEW |
Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer | Carlos López-Otín1, Federico Pietrocola2, David Roiz-Valle3, Lorenzo Galluzzi4, Guido Kroemer5 | Cell Metab | 2023 Jan 3 | VIEW |
Meta-Analysis: Aerobic Exercise for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. | Bartley CA, Hay M, Bloch MH. | Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. | 2013 Apr 30 | VIEW |
Meta-analysis of the intervention effects of tai chi on fasting blood glucose, blood pressure and triglyceride in middle-aged and elderly people | Wenzheng Zhao1, Hanyu Ju1, Kaituo Zhu1 | Aging Male | 2024 Dec 1 | VIEW |
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Yoga Practice on Physical Fitness in the Elderly | Sohee Shin1 | Int J Environ Res Public Health | 2021 Nov 6 | VIEW |
Meta-Analysis of Tai Chi Chuan in Treating Lumbar Spondylosis and Back Pain | Fushun Zhang1, Junfang Zhao2, Nan Jiang1, Qiao Zhai1, Juanjuan Hu1, Jing Zhang1 | Appl Bionics Biomech | 2022 Feb 7 | VIEW |
Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of the Effects of Tai Chi on Blood Pressure | Xiaosheng Dong1, Meng Ding2, Xiangren Yi1 | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | 2020 Oct 7 | VIEW |
Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for people with dementia and anxiety or depression. | Noone D1, Stott J1, Aguirre E1,2, Llanfear K3, Spector A1 | Aging Ment Health. | 2018 Oct 17 | VIEW |
Meta-Analysis of Elderly Lower Body Strength: Different Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on the Knee Joint-Related Muscle Groups | Yuan Yang1,2, Jia-Hui Li1, Nan-Jun Xu1, Wei-Yi Yang1, Jun Liu1,2 | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | 2021 Dec 22 | VIEW |
META analysis on the effect of taijiquan on improving negative psychological symptoms of college students and the optimal dose | Zhihao Du1, Xiuli Zhang2, Hao Qin1, Ruiqi Wang1, Yunxia Bai3, Xiaonan Yao4 | Front Public Health | 2022 Dec 16 | VIEW |
Meta analysis of the curative effect of acupuncture on post-stroke depression. | Zhang GC, Fu WB, Xu NG, Liu JH, Zhu XP, Liang ZH, Huang YF, Chen YF. | J Tradit Chin Med. | 2012 Mar | VIEW |
Mesenchymal stem cells that located in the electromagnetic fields improves rat model of Parkinson's disease. | Jadidi M1, Biat SM2, Sameni HR2, Safari M2, Vafaei AA3, Ghahari L4 | Iran J Basic Med Sci. | 2016 Jul | VIEW |
Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutic target of biophysical stimulation for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. | Viganò M1,2, Sansone V1,3, d'Agostino MC4, Romeo P1, Perucca Orfei C1,5, de Girolamo L6 | J Orthop Surg Res. | 2016 Dec 16 | VIEW |
Mesenchymal stem cell - based tissue engineering strategies for repair of articular cartilage. | Ahmed TA1, Hincke MT2. | Histol Histopathol. | 2014 Jan 23 | VIEW |
Meridian Studies in China: A Systematic Review. | Wang GJ, Ayati MH, Zhang WB. | J Acupunct Meridian Stud. | 2010 Mar | VIEW |
Meridian measurement of qigong operation and synchronous phenomena | Kido Mami | Japanese Mind-Body Science | 1993 | VIEW |
Meridian is a Three-Dimensional Network from Bio-Electromagnetic Radiation Interference: An Interference Hypothesis of Meridian. | Han J. | Cell Biochem Biophys. | 2011 Sep 30 | VIEW |
Meridian electrical potential response to acupuncture stimulation between operator and subject. | Lee Y, Kim S, Son T, Kang D, Jung B. | J Acupunct Meridian Stud. | 2010 Dec | VIEW |
Mental training enhances attentional stability: neural and behavioral evidence. | Lutz A, Slagter HA, Rawlings NB, Francis AD, Greischar LL, Davidson RJ. | J Neurosci. | 2009 Oct 21 | VIEW |
Mental training as a tool in the neuroscientific study of brain and cognitive plasticity. | Slagter HA, Davidson RJ, Lutz A. | Front Hum Neurosci. | 2011 Feb 10 | VIEW |
Mental Training Affects Electrophysiological Markers of Attention Resource Allocation in Healthy Older Adults. | Isbel BD1, Lagopoulos J2, Hermens DF3, Summers MJ4 | Neurosci Lett. | 2019 Jan 16 | VIEW |
Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources | Heleen A. Slagter, Antoine Lutz, Lawrence L. Greischar, Andrew D. Francis, Sander Nieuwenhuis, James M. Davis, and Richard J. Davidson | PLOS Biology | June 2007 | VIEW |
Mental Stress-Induced Platelet Activation Among Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. | Reid GJ, Seidelin PH, Kop WJ, Irvine MJ, Strauss BH, Nolan RP, Lau HK, Yeo EL. | Psychosom Med. | 2009 Feb 27 | VIEW |
Mental Singing Reduces Gait Variability More Than Music Listening for Healthy Older Adults and People With Parkinson Disease. | Harrison EC1, Horin AP, Earhart GM | J Neurol Phys Ther. | 2019 Aug 20 | VIEW |
Mental Health Wellness and Biofield Therapies: An Integrative Review. | Mangione L1, Swengros D2, Anderson JG3 | Issues Ment Health Nurs. | 2017 Oct 2 | VIEW |
Mental health implications of music: insight from neuroscientific and clinical studies. | Lin ST, Yang P, Lai CY, Su YY, Yeh YC, Huang MF, Chen CC. | Harv Rev Psychiatry | 2011 Jan-Feb | VIEW |
Mental health disturbance in preclinical medical students and its association with screen time, sleep quality, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic | Tjhin Wiguna1, Valerie Josephine Dirjayanto2,3, Zhahna Siti Maharani4, Emir Gibraltar Faisal4, Sylvie Dominic Teh1, Erik Kinzie5 | BMC Psychiatry | 2024 Jan 31 | VIEW |
Mental Health Benefits of a Traditional Vegetative Biofeedback Therapy Online Program during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Controlled Trial | Jorge Magalhães Rodrigues1,2,3,4, Catarina Santos2,4, Cristina Ventura2,4, Jorge Machado1,3,4,5 | Healthcare (Basel) | 2022 Sep 23 | VIEW |
Mental Health and Cardiovascular Disease. | Chaddha A1, Robinson EA2, Kline-Rogers E3, Alexandris-Souphis T3, Rubenfire M3 | Am J Med. | 2016 Nov | VIEW |
Mental Flexibility Influences the Association Between Poor Balance and Falls in Older People - A Secondary Analysis. | Pieruccini-Faria F1, Lord SR2, Toson B2, Kemmler W3, Schoene D2,3 | Front Aging Neurosci. | 2019 Jun 12 | VIEW |
Mental awareness improved mild cognitive impairment and modulated gut microbiome | Wei Wei Thwe Khine1,2, Miao Lian Voong1, Ted Kheng Siang Ng3, Lei Feng3,4, Grishma Avinash Rane5, Alan Prem Kumar5,6,7, Ee Heok Kua3,4, Ratha Mahendran8, Rathi Mahendran3,4,9, Yuan-Kun Lee1,8 | Aging (Albany NY) | 2020 Dec 9 | VIEW |
Mental and Spiritual Healing: A Critical Review of the Science | Jonas WB//Crawford C//Chez RA | J Intl Soc Life Info Science | 2002 | VIEW |
Mental and Physical Activities Delay Cognitive Decline in Older Persons With Dementia. | Cheng ST, Chow PK, Song YQ, Yu EC, Chan AC, Lee TM, Lam JH. | Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. | 2012 Nov 5 | VIEW |
Menopause, the metabolic syndrome, and mind-body therapies. | Innes KE, Selfe TK, Taylor AG. | Menopause. | 2008 Sep-Oct | VIEW |
Menopause | Lu N | 2nd World Congress Qigong | 1998 | VIEW |
Menopausal symptoms in young survivors of breast cancer: a growing problem without an ideal solution. | Murthy V, Chamberlain RS. | Cancer Control. | 2012 Oct | VIEW |
Menopausal Quality of Life: A RCT of Yoga, Exercise and Omega-3 Supplements. | Reed SD, Guthrie KA, Newton KM, Anderson GL, Booth-Laforce C, Caan B, Carpenter JS, Cohen LS, Dunn AL, Ensrud KE, Freeman EW, Hunt JR, Joffe H, Larson JC, Learman LA, Rothenberg R, Seguin RA, Sherman KJ, Sternfeld BS, Lacroix AZ. | Am J Obstet Gynecol. | 2013 Nov 8 | VIEW |
Memristors in the electrical network of Aloe vera L. | Volkov AG1, Reedus J, Mitchell CM, Tucket C, Forde-Tuckett V, Volkova MI, Markin VS, Chua L. | Plant Signal Behav. | 2014 | VIEW |
Memory performance, wireless communication and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A prospective cohort study in adolescents. | Schoeni A1, Roser K1, Röösli M2. | Environ Int. | 2015 Oct 13 | VIEW |
Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: Partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R--lipoic acid | Liu J//Head E//Gharib AM//Yuan W//// | PNAS | 2002 | VIEW |
Membrane permeabilization of mammalian cells using bursts of high magnetic field pulses. | Novickij V1, Dermol J2, Grainys A1, Kranjc M2, Miklavčič D2 | PeerJ. | 2017 Apr 26 | VIEW |
Melatonin supplementation from early morning auto-urine drinking | Mills MH//Faunce TA | Med Hypotheses | 1991 | VIEW |
Melatonin Reduces Oxidative Stress Induced by Chronic Exposure of Microwave Radiation from Mobile Phones in Rat Brain | Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Krstic D, Cvetkovic T, Pavlovic V | J Radiat Res (Tokyo). | 2008 Sep 29 | VIEW |
MEG-EEG Information Fusion and Electromagnetic Source Imaging: From Theory to Clinical Application in Epilepsy. | Chowdhury RA1, Zerouali Y, Hedrich T, Heers M, Kobayashi E, Lina JM, Grova C. | Brain Topogr. | 2015 May 28 | VIEW |
Meeting the Public Health Challenge of Pain in Later Life: What Role Can Senior Centers Play? | Tobias KR, Lama SD, Parker SJ, Henderson CR Jr, Nickerson AJ, Carrington Reid M. | Pain Manag Nurs. | 2013 Oct 19 | VIEW |
Meeting the Information Needs of Lower Income Cancer Survivors: Results of a Randomized Control Trial Evaluating the American Cancer Society's "I Can Cope" | Martin MY, Evans MB, Kratt P, Pollack LA, Smith JL, Oster R, Dignan M, Prayor-Patterson H, Watson C, Houston P, Andrews S, Liwo A, Tseng TS, Hullett S, Oliver J, Pisu M. | J Health Commun. | 2014 Jan 16 | VIEW |
Mediterranean Diet, Telomere Maintenance and Health Status among Elderly. | Boccardi V, Esposito A, Rizzo MR, Marfella R, Barbieri M, Paolisso G. | PLoS One. | 2013 Apr 30 | VIEW |
Mediterranean diet and telomere length in Nurses' Health Study: population based cohort study. | Crous-Bou M1, Fung TT2, Prescott J3, Julin B1, Du M4, Sun Q5, Rexrode KM6, Hu FB7, De Vivo I8. | BMJ | 2014 Dec 2 | VIEW |
Meditators and Non-Meditators: EEG Source Imaging During Resting. | Tei S, Faber PL, Lehmann D, Tsujiuchi T, Kumano H, Pascual-Marqui RD, Gianotti LR, Kochi K. | Brain Topogr | 2009 Aug 4 | VIEW |
MEDITATIVE THERAPIES FOR REDUCING ANXIETY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. | Chen KW, Berger CC, Manheimer E, Forde D, Magidson J, Dachman L, Lejuez CW. | Depress Anxiety. | 2012 Jun 14 | VIEW |
Meditative Movement, Energetic, and Physical Analyses of Three Qigong Exercises: Unification of Eastern and Western Mechanistic Exercise Theory. | Klein P1, Picard G2,3, Baumgarden J4, Schneider R5 | Medicines (Basel). | 2017 Sep 23 | VIEW |
Meditative Movement Therapies and Health-Related Quality-of-Life in Adults: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses | Kelley GA1, Kelley KS1. | PLoS One. | 2015 Jun 8 | VIEW |
Meditative movement for respiratory function: a systematic review. | Lorenc AB, Wang Y, Madge SL, Hu X, Mian AM, Robinson N. | Respir Care. | 2013 Jul 23 | VIEW |
Meditative movement for depression and anxiety. | Payne P, Crane-Godreau MA. | Front Psychiatry. | 2013 Jul 24 | VIEW |
Meditative movement for breathlessness in advanced COPD or cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Claire M Nolan1,2, Lisa Jane Brighton3,4, Yihan Mo3, Joanne Bayly3,5, Irene J Higginson3, William D-C Man2,6,7, Matthew Maddocks3 | Eur Respir Rev | 2023 Jun 21 | VIEW |
Meditative movement as a category of exercise: implications for research. | Larkey L, Jahnke R, Etnier J, Gonzalez J. | J Phys Act Health. | 2009 Mar | VIEW |
Meditative and Mindfulness-Focused Interventions in Neurology: Principles, Science, and Patient Selection | Kristen M Kraemer1, Felipe A Jain2, Darshan H Mehta3,4, Gregory L Fricchione3 | Semin Neurol | 2022 Feb 9 | VIEW |
Meditative analgesia: the current state of the field. | Grant JA. | Ann N Y Acad Sci. | 2014 Jan | VIEW |
Meditation's impact on default mode network & hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. | Wells RE, Yeh GY, Kerr C, Wolkin J, Davis RB, Tan Y, Spaeth R, Wall R, Walsh J, Kaptchuk T, Press D, Phillips RS, Kong J. | Neurosci Lett. | 2013 Oct 10 | VIEW |
Meditation's impact on chronic illness | Bonadonna R | Holist Nurs Pract | 2003 | VIEW |
Meditation: Should a cardiologist care? | Olex S, Newberg A, Figueredo VM. | Int J Cardiol. | 2013 Jul 24 | VIEW |
Meditation: Evidence Map of Systematic Reviews | Caio Fábio Schlechta Portella1,2, Ricardo Ghelman1, Veronica Abdala3, Mariana Cabral Schveitzer4, Rui Ferreira Afonso5 | Front Public Health | 2021 Dec 2 | VIEW |
Meditation: a modulator of the immune response to physical stress? A brief report | Solberg EE//Halvorsen R//Sundgot-Borgen J//Ingjer F//// | Br J Sports Med | 1995 | VIEW |
Meditation, yoga, and guided imagery | Pettinati PM | Nurs Clin North Am | 2001 | VIEW |
Meditation, stress processes, and telomere biology. | Conklin QA1, Crosswell AD2, Saron CD3, Epel ES4 | Curr Opin Psychol. | 2018 Nov 19 | VIEW |
Meditation, qi, acupuncture and your health | Wei Chuantseng//Chen Jonathan//Yeh Tseliang | 1st Int Cong of Qigong | 1990 | VIEW |
Meditation, mindfulness, and executive control: The importance of emotional acceptance and brain-based performance monitoring. | Teper R, Inzlicht M. | Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. | 2012 Apr 15 | VIEW |
Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. | Moore A, Malinowski P. | Conscious Cogn. | 2009 Jan 30 | VIEW |
Meditation-the controlled psychophysical self-regulation process that works. | Schwartz SA. | Explore (NY). | 2011 Nov | VIEW |
Meditation-State Functional Connectivity (msFC): Strengthening of the Dorsal Attention Network and Beyond. | Froeliger B, Garland EL, Kozink RV, Modlin LA, Chen NK, McClernon FJ, Greeson JM, Sobin P. | Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. | 2012 | VIEW |
Meditation-specific prefrontal cortical activation during acem meditation: an fMRI study. | Davanger S, Ellingsen O, Holen A, Hugdahl K. | Percept Mot Skills. | 2010 Aug | VIEW |
Meditation-related increases in GABA(B) modulated cortical inhibition. | Guglietti CL, Daskalakis ZJ, Radhu N, Fitzgerald PB, Ritvo P. | Brain Stimul. | 2012 Sep 7 | VIEW |
Meditation-Induced States, Vagal Tone, and Breathing Activity Are Related to Changes in Auditory Temporal Integration. | Linares Gutierrez D1, Kübel S2, Giersch A3,4, Schmidt S5, Meissner K6,7, Wittmann M8 | Behav Sci (Basel). | 2019 May 7 | VIEW |
Meditation-induced psychosis: a narrative review and individual patient data analysis. | Sharma P1, Mahapatra A2, Gupta R3 | Ir J Psychol Med. | 2019 Oct 31 | VIEW |
Meditation-Induced Psychosis | Kuijpers HJ, van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM | Psychopathology | 2007 | VIEW |
Meditation-induced psychosis | Kuijpers HJ, van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM. | Psychopathology. | 2007 | VIEW |
Meditation-induced modulation of brain response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. | Bodart O1, Fecchio M2, Massimini M3, Wannez S4, Virgillito A5, Casarotto S6, Rosanova M7, Lutz A8, Ricard M9, Laureys S10, Gosseries O11 | Brain Stimul. | 2018 Sep 1 | VIEW |
Meditation-induced effects on whole-brain structural and effective connectivity | Eleonora De Filippi#1, Anira Escrichs#2, Estela Càmara3,4, César Garrido5, Theo Marins6, Marti Sánchez-Fibla7, Matthieu Gilson2,8, Gustavo Deco2,9,10,11 | Brain Struct Funct | 2022 May 6 | VIEW |
Meditation-induced changes in high-frequency heart rate variability predict smoking outcomes. | Libby DJ, Worhunsky PD, Pilver CE, Brewer JA. | Front Hum Neurosci. | 2012 | VIEW |
Meditation-Based Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials | Ting-Han Lin1, Ka-Wai Tam2,3,4,5, Yu-Ling Yang6, Tsan-Hon Liou6,7, Tzu-Herng Hsu1,6,7, Chi-Lun Rau6,7,8 | Pain Med | 2022 Feb 28 | VIEW |
Meditation-based mind-body therapies for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. | Sabe M1, Sentissi O2, Kaiser S3 | Schizophr Res. | 2019 Aug 1 | VIEW |
Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification: Development of an Integrative Mind-Body Program for Mental Health and Human Flourishing | Holger Carl Bringmann1,2, Nicole Bringmann3, Michael Jeitler4,5, Stefan Brunnhuber3, Andreas Michalsen4,5, Peter Sedlmeier6 | Complement Med Res | 2020 Dec 7 | VIEW |
Meditation-Based Lifestyle Modification in Mild-to-Moderate Depression: Outcomes and Moderation Effects of Spirituality | Holger C Bringmann1,2, Anne Berghöfer1, Michael Jeitler1,3, Andreas Michalsen1,3, Stefan Brunnhuber2, Heidemarie Haller4 | J Integr Complement Med | 2023 Nov 27 | VIEW |
Meditation-based interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia: a review of the empirical literature. | Hurley RV, Patterson TG, Cooley SJ. | Aging Ment Health. | 2013 Oct 6 | VIEW |
Meditation-based interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia: a review of the empirical literature. | Hurley RV, Patterson TG, Cooley SJ. | Aging Ment Health. | 2013 Oct 6 | VIEW |
Meditation-based intervention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis | Si Myeong Lee1, Hyo-Weon Suh2, Hui-Yong Kwak1, Jong Woo Kim1,3, Sun-Yong Chung1,3 | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2022 Jul 29 | VIEW |
Meditation with yoga, group therapy with hypnosis, and psychoeducation for long-term depressed mood: a randomized pilot trial | Butler LD, Waelde LC, Hastings TA, Chen XH, Symons B, Marshall J, Kaufman A, Nagy TF, Blasey CM, Seibert EO, Spiegel D | J Clin Psychol. | 2008 May 5 | VIEW |