Search the Qigong and Energy Medicine Database™

The Qigong and Energy Medicine Database™ contains abstracts collected by the Qigong Institute since 1984. Use the form below to search for the abstracts you are interested in and read them or print or export them in text format for offline reading.

Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 ... 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189
The database contains 18844 abstracts.
Showing results per page.
Title Author Journal Date
Clinical and economic analysis of spa therapy in Parkinson's disease Brefel-Courbon C//Desboeuf K//Thalamas C//Galitzky M//// Mov Disord 2003 VIEW
Stress-induced senescence predominates in endothelial cells isolated from atherosclerotic chronic smokers Farhat N, Thorin-Trescases N, Voghel G, Villeneuve L, Mamarbachi M, Perrault LP, Carrier M, Thorin E Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Nov VIEW
On Understanding the Very Different Science Premises Meaningful to CAM Versus Orthodox Medicine: Part I-The Fundamentals. Tiller WA. J Altern Complement Med 2010 Feb 16 VIEW
Electroacupuncture therapy for arthralgia and Raynaud\'s phenomenon in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Donoyama N, Ohkoshi N. Acupunct Med. 2010 Mar VIEW
Sino-European transcontinental basic and clinical high-tech acupuncture studies-part 2: acute stimulation effects on heart rate and its variability in patients with insomnia. Litscher G, Cheng G, Cheng W, Wang L, Niu Q, Feng X, Gaischek I, Kuang H. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 VIEW
MBSR vs. Aerobic Exercise in Social Anxiety: fMRI of Emotion Regulation of Negative Self-Beliefs. Goldin P, Ziv M, Jazaieri H, Hahn K, Gross JJ. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012 May 13 VIEW
Controlling practitioner-patient relationships in acupuncture trials: a systematic review and meta-regression. Prady SL, Burch J, Crouch S, Macpherson H. Acupunct Med. 2013 Mar 15 VIEW
Acupuncture suppresses reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior induced by a complex cue in rats. Lee BH, Lim SC, Jeon HJ, Kim JS, Lee YK, Lee HJ, In S, Kim HY, Yoon SS, Yang CH. Neurosci Lett. 2013 May 18 VIEW
The effect of electroacupuncture on extinction responding of heroin-seeking behavior and FosB expression in the nucleus accumbens core. Hu A, Lai M, Wei J, Wang L, Mao H, Zhou W, Liu S. Neurosci Lett. 2013 Feb 8 VIEW
PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. Kim SH, Schneider SM, Bevans M, Kravitz L, Mermier C, Qualls C, Burge MR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jul VIEW
Effect of tai chi on musculoskeletal health-related fitness and self-reported physical health changes in low income, multiple ethnicity mid to older adults. Manson J, Rotondi M, Jamnik V, Ardern C, Tamim H. BMC Geriatr. 2013 Oct 28 VIEW
Decreased electrophysiological activity represents the conscious state of emptiness in meditation. Hinterberger T1, Schmidt S1, Kamei T2, Walach H3. Front Psychol. 2014 Feb 17 VIEW
Preventing the development of depression at work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of universal interventions in the workplace Leona Tan1*, Min-Jung Wang 1, Matthew Modini 1, Sadhbh Joyce 1, Arnstein Mykletun 2, Helen Christensen 3 and Samuel B Harvey 134 BMC Medicine 2014 VIEW
Pain and sensory detection threshold response to acupuncture is modulated by coping strategy and acupuncture sensation. Lee J, Napadow V, Park K. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Sep 1 VIEW
Hypnosis and the Control of Pain Evans FJ J Intl Soc Life Info Science 1999 VIEW
Quantitative Evaluations of Health Promotion Methods Using Peripheral Blood Flow (I) Shirouzu S 1//Sugano H 1//Noto Y 2 J Intl Soc Life Info Science 2000 VIEW
Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for the assessment of body fluid volumes of term neonates Ferreira DM//Souza MN Braz J Med Biol Res 2004 VIEW
FMRI Connectivity Analysis of Acupuncture Effects on an Amygdala-Associated Brain Network Qin W, Tian J, Bai L, Pan X, Yang L, Chen P, Dai J, Ai L, Zhao B, Gong Q, Wang W, von Deneen KM, Liu Y Mol Pain 2008 Nov 13 VIEW
Chronic primary insomnia: Efficacy of homeopathic simillimum. Naudé DF, Stephanie Couchman IM, Maharaj A. Homeopathy 2010 Jan VIEW
Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Jha AP, Stanley EA, Kiyonaga A, Wong L, Gelfand L. Emotion 2010 Feb VIEW
Kinematics and Energy Expenditure of Sitting T'ai Chi. Lee KY, Jones AY, Hui-Chan CW, Tsang WW. J Altern Complement Med. 2011 Jul 6 VIEW
Non-verbal communication of compassion: measuring psychophysiologic effects. Kemper KJ, Shaltout HA. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011 Dec 20 VIEW
Telomere length and risk of stroke in chinese. Ding H, Chen C, Shaffer JR, Liu L, Xu Y, Wang X, Hui R, Wang DW. Stroke 2012 Mar VIEW
Functional tissue engineering in articular cartilage repair: Is there a role for electromagnetic biophysical stimulation? Fini M, Pagani S, Giavaresi G, De Mattei M, Ongaro A, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Massari L, Cadossi M. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2013 Jan 22 VIEW
Nonthermal Effects of Lifelong High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Social Memory Performance in Rats. Schneider J, Stangassinger M. Behav Neurosci. 2014 Jul 7 VIEW
Light-induced photon emission by mammalian cells. van Wijk R1, van Aken H, Mei W, Popp FA. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1993 Apr VIEW
Economic Evaluation of a Tai Ji Quan Intervention to Reduce Falls in People With Parkinson Disease, Oregon, 2008-2011. Li F1, Harmer P2. Prev Chronic Dis. 2015 Jul 30 VIEW
Knee Joint Loads and Surrounding Muscle Forces of Selected Movement Elements in 42-form Tai Ji: 3134 Board #199 June 3, 2: 00 PM - 3: 30 PM. Wen C1, Minnock M, Zhang S Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 May VIEW
Reduced Trauma Symptoms and Perceived Stress in Male Prison Inmates through the Transcendental Meditation Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nidich S1, O'connor T2, Rutledge T3, Duncan J4, Compton B5, Seng A6, Nidich R7 Perm J. 2016 Oct 7 VIEW
Effectiveness of Spiritist "passe" (Spiritual healing) for anxiety levels, depression, pain, muscle tension, well-being, and physiological parameters in cardiovascular inpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Carneiro ÉM1, Barbosa LP2, Marson JM2, Terra JA Junior2, Martins CJ2, Modesto D2, Resende LA2, Borges MF3 Complement Ther Med. 2017 Feb VIEW
Acute exercise activates p38 MAPK and increases the expression of telomere protective genes in cardiac muscle. Ludlow AT1,2, Gratidao L1,3, Ludlow LW1,4, Spangenburg EE5, Roth SM1 Exp Physiol. 2017 Feb 6 VIEW
Telomere Shortening During Aging; Attenuation by Antioxidants and Anti-inflammatory Agents. Prasad KN1, Wu M2, Bondy SC3 Mech Ageing Dev. 2017 Apr 18 VIEW
Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length is Associated With an Increased Risk of Chronic Pancreatitis. Wu H1, Zou WB, Zhou DZ, Gu YT, Liao Z, Li ZS Pancreas. 2017 Sep VIEW
Acupuncture analgesia involves modulation of pain-induced gamma oscillations and cortical network connectivity. Hauck M1,2, Schröder S3, Meyer-Hamme G4, Lorenz J5, Friedrichs S1,4, Nolte G1, Gerloff C2, Engel AK1 Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 24 VIEW
Transcranial direct current stimulation changes resting state functional connectivity: A large-scale brain network modeling study. Kunze T1, Hunold A2, Haueisen J3, Jirsa V4, Spiegler A5 Neuroimage. 2016 Oct 15 VIEW
Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement Restructures Reward Processing and Promotes Interoceptive Awareness in Overweight Cancer Survivors: Mechanistic Results From a Stage 1 Randomized Controlled Trial. Thomas EA1, Mijangos JL2, Hansen PA2, White S2, Walker D2, Reimers C2, Beck AC2, Garland EL2 Integr Cancer Ther. 2019 Jan-Dec VIEW
E-noise: An increasingly relevant health risk. Hu CS1, Tkebuchava T2 J Integr Med. 2019 Jul 19 VIEW
A Clinical Trial of Transcranial Electromagnetic Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease: Cognitive Enhancement and Associated Changes in Cerebrospinal Fluid, Blood, and Brain Imaging. Arendash G1, Cao C2, Abulaban H3, Baranowski R4, Wisniewski G5, Becerra L5, Andel R6,7, Lin X2, Zhang X2, Wittwer D8, Moulton J9, Arrington J10, Smith A3 J Alzheimers Dis. 2019 Aug 6 VIEW
Inhibition of Human Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation by Low-Intensity Ultrasound Stimulation. Katiyar A1, Osborn J2, DasBanerjee M1, Zhang LG2, Sarkar K2, Sarker KP1 J Ultrasound Med. 2020 Apr 30 VIEW
Recreational Therapy to Promote Mobility in Long-Term Care: A Scoping Review Yijian Yang, Kimberley S van Schooten, Heather A McKay, Joanie Sims-Gould, Raymond A Hoang, Stephen N Robinovitch J Aging Phys Act 2020 Jul 28 VIEW
Effect of Whole-Body Vibration Training on Muscle Activation for Individuals with Knee Osteoarthritis Juan Zhang1, Rui Wang2, Yili Zheng2, Jiao Xu1, Ya Wu1, Xueqiang Wang1,2 Biomed Res Int 2021 Mar 26 VIEW
Modulation of hippocampal neuronal network oscillations by α7 nACh receptors. Stoiljkovic M1, Kelley C1, Nagy D1, Hajós M2. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015 Jul 21 VIEW
Physical Activity Domains/Recommendations and Leukocyte Telomere Length in US Adults. Ogawa EF1, Leveille SG, Wright JA, Shi L, Camhi SM, You T Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Mar 3 VIEW
Organization of prefrontal network activity by respiration-related oscillations. Biskamp J1, Bartos M1, Sauer JF1 Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 28 VIEW
Acupuncture Points and Their Relationship with Multireceptive Fields of Neurons. Quiroz-González S1, Torres-Castillo S2, López-Gómez RE2, Jiménez Estrada I3 J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2017 Apr VIEW
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Wu C1, Liu P1, Fu H1, Chen W1, Cui S2, Lu L3, Tang C1 Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Dec VIEW
Effects of Online Yoga and Tai Chi on Physical Health Outcome Measures of Adult Informal Caregivers. Martin AC1, Candow D1 Int J Yoga. 2019 Jan-Apr VIEW
Mindfulness-Based Therapy Regulates Brain Connectivity in Major Depression. Lifshitz M1,2, Sacchet MD3, Huntenburg JM4,5, Thiery T6, Fan Y7,8, Gärtner M8, Grimm S8, Winnebeck E8,9, Fissler M8,9, Schroeter TA9, Margulies DS10, Barnhofer T11 Psychother Psychosom. 2019 Sep 11 VIEW
Lower Percentage of Fat Mass among Tai Chi Chuan Practitioners. Stagi S1, Doneddu A2, Mulliri G2, Ghiani G2, Succa V1, Crisafulli A2, Marini E1 Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Feb 14 VIEW
The Taiji Model of Self II: Developing Self Models and Self-Cultivation Theories Based on the Chinese Cultural Traditions of Taoism and Buddhism Zhen-Dong Wang1,2, Feng-Yan Wang1,2 Front Psychol 2020 Oct 14 VIEW
Effect of two jumping programs on hip bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial Larry A Tucker, J Eric Strong, James D LeCheminant, Bruce W Bailey Am J Health Promot Jan-Feb 2015 VIEW
Music therapy as a treatment method for improving respiratory muscle strength in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis: a pilot study Wiens ME//Reimer MA//Guyn HL Rehabil Nurs 1999 VIEW
Development of a music generation system for the relaxation by the Schumann Resonance Effect Uesugi K 1//Adachi Y 2//Ohmagari K 1//Suzuki S 1 J Intl Soc Life Info Science 2002 VIEW
Change in the Intellectual and Physiological Functions of 160 Persons Who Studied in the Intermediate Class of Kurita's Speed Reading Course Kurita M J Intl Soc Life Info Science 2003 VIEW
Evidence underlying breathing retraining in people with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dechman G//Wilson CR Phys Ther 2004 VIEW
Quality control of herbal medicines Liang YZ//Xie P//Chan K J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004 VIEW
Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress Chafin S//Roy M//Gerin W//Christenfeld N Br J Health Psychol 2004 VIEW
Clinical observation on physiological and psychological effects of Eight-Section Brocade on type 2 diabetic patients. Wang F, Wang W, Zhang R, Lin Y, Hong L, Zhao Y, Ni Q, Zhang L, Isiiyasutomo, Tutiutitakuya, Kosikawafusako, Kisitaiti, Havukiyutaka, Suzukiakio. J Tradit Chin Med. 2008 Jun VIEW
Electroacupuncture modulates vlPAG release of GABA through presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Fu LW, Longhurst JC. J Appl Physiol 2009 Jun VIEW
Meditation acutely improves psychomotor vigilance, and may decrease sleep need. Kaul P, Passafiume J, Sargent RC, O'Hara BF. Behav Brain Funct. 2010 Jul 29 VIEW
Inspiratory muscular training in chronic stroke survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Britto RR, Rezende NR, Marinho KC, Torres JL, Parreira VF, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Feb VIEW
Dynamical Properties of BOLD Activity from the Ventral Posteromedial Cortex Associated with Meditation and Attentional Skills. Pagnoni G. J Neurosci. 2012 Apr 11 VIEW
Sino-European Transcontinental Basic and Clinical High-Tech Acupuncture Studies-Part 4: "Fire of Life" Analysis of Heart Rate Variability during Acupuncture in Clinical Studies. Litscher G, Wang LP, Wang L, Liu CZ, Wang XM. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 VIEW
Group music therapy for patients with persistent post-traumatic stress disorder - an exploratory randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation. Carr C, d'Ardenne P, Sloboda A, Scott C, Wang D, Priebe S. Psychol Psychother. 2012 Jun VIEW
Effects of music therapy and guided visual imagery on chemotherapy-induced anxiety and nausea-vomiting. Karagozoglu S, Tekyasar F, Yilmaz FA. J Clin Nurs. 2012 Nov 8 VIEW
Not all sounds sound the same: Parkinson's disease affects differently emotion processing in music and in speech prosody. Lima CF, Garrett C, Castro SL. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2013 Mar 12 VIEW
Blinding measured: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture. Moroz A, Freed B, Tiedemann L, Bang H, Howell M, Park JJ. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013 VIEW
Combined effect of teriparatide and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for nonunion: a case report. Nozaka K, Shimada Y, Miyakoshi N, Yamada S, Hongo M, Kasukawa Y, Saito H, Kijima H. BMC Res Notes. 2014 May 27 VIEW
Effects of chundosunbup Qi-training on psychological adjustments: a cross-sectional study Lee MS//Jeong SM//Oh SW//Ryu H//// Am J Chin Med 1998 VIEW
Specially programmed respiratory muscle training for singers by using respiratory muscle training device (Ultrabreathe) Nam do H//Lim JY//Ahn CM//Choi HS Yonsei Med J 2004 VIEW
Effectiveness of auricular acupressure in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Puangsricharern A, Mahasukhon S. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008 Nov VIEW
Molecular bioelectricity in developmental biology: New tools and recent discoveries: Control of cell behavior and pattern formation by transmembrane potential gradients. Levin M. Bioessays. 2012 Jan 11 VIEW
An approach to remote monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) using microwave radar during a calculation task. Suzuki S, Matsui T, Sugawara K, Asao T, Kotani K. J Physiol Anthropol. 2011 VIEW
History and mechanism for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage with scalp acupuncture. Liu Z, Guan L, Wang Y, Xie CL, Lin XM, Zheng GQ. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 VIEW
Loneliness and stress-related inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses in older men and women. Hackett RA, Hamer M, Endrighi R, Brydon L, Steptoe A. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 Apr 11 VIEW
The role of exercise and types of exercise in the rehabilitation of chronic pain: specific or nonspecific benefits. Sullivan AB, Scheman J, Venesy D, Davin S. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2012 Apr VIEW
Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Modulates Na(+) Currents in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells through Increase of AA/PGE(2) and EP Receptor-Mediated cAMP/PKA Pathway. He YL, Liu DD, Fang YJ, Zhan XQ, Yao JJ, Mei YA. PLoS One. 2013 VIEW
Artificial sunlight irradiation induces ultraweak photon emission in human skin fibroblasts. Niggli HJ. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1993 May VIEW
Lateralisation of cerebral response to active acupuncture in patients with unilateral ischaemic stroke: an fMRI study. Huang Y, Chen JQ, Lai XS, Tang CZ, Yang JJ, Chen H, Wu JX, Xiao HL, Qu SS, Zhang YD, Zhang ZJ. Acupunct Med. 2013 Jul 3 VIEW
Immunorehabilitating Effect of Ultrahigh Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in Immunocompromised Animals. Pershin SB, Bobkova AS, Derevnina NA, Sidorov VD. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013 May VIEW
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Improve Bone Microstructure and Strength in Ovariectomized Rats through a Wnt/Lrp5/β-Catenin Signaling-Associated Mechanism. Jing D, Li F, Jiang M, Cai J, Wu Y, Xie K, Wu X, Tang C, Liu J, Guo W, Shen G, Luo E. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 14 VIEW
III-4 Treatment with Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) for Open Fracture and Comminuted Fracture. Matsumoto M1, Fujiwara Y, Tsukahara T, Sakaguchi A, Tanaka K, Morimura N. J Orthop Trauma. 2014 Jun VIEW
Genomic instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory. Cacha LA1, Poznanski RR. J Integr Neurosci. 2014 Apr VIEW
Alterations in Cortical Network Oscillations and Parvalbumin Neurons in Schizophrenia. Gonzalez-Burgos G1, Cho RY2, Lewis DA3. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 17 VIEW
Acupuncture for Frequent Migraine: A Randomized, Patient/Assessor Blinded, Controlled Trial with One-Year Follow-Up. Wang Y1, Xue CC1, Helme R2, Da Costa C3, Zheng Z1. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 VIEW
Alexander Technique Lessons or Acupuncture Sessions for Persons With Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Trial. MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Richmond S, Woodman J, Ballard K, Atkin K, Bland M, Eldred J, Essex H, Hewitt C, Hopton A, Keding A, Lansdown H, Parrott S, Torgerson D, Wenham A, Watt I. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3 VIEW
Pulsed electromagnetic fields promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by reinforcing intracellular calcium transients. Tong J1, Sun L1, Zhu B2, Fan Y2, Ma X1, Yu L1, Zhang J1 Bioelectromagnetics. 2017 Aug 18 VIEW
Mindfulness is associated with psychological health and moderates pain in knee osteoarthritis. Lee AC1, Harvey WF2, Price LL3, Morgan LPK4, Morgan NL5, Wang C6 Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017 Jun VIEW
Cancer Pain Relief After Healing Touch and Massage. Gentile D1, Boselli D2, O'Neill G1, Yaguda S1, Bailey-Dorton C1, Eaton TA3 J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Sep/Oct VIEW
Pulsed electromagnetic field and relief of hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death: The signaling pathway. Gessi S1, Merighi S1, Bencivenni S1, Battistello E1, Vincenzi F1, Setti S2, Cadossi M2, Borea PA1, Cadossi R2, Varani K1,3 J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jan 17 VIEW
Escaping the Prison of Mind: Meditation as Violence Prevention for the Incarcerated. Cooley C1 Health Promot Pract. 2019 Aug 21 VIEW
Exercise for Parkinson's disease. Mak MKY1, Wong-Yu ISK2 Int Rev Neurobiol. 2019 VIEW
Impact of exercise on bone mineral density, fall prevention, and vertebral fragility fractures in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Hoke M1, Omar NB2, Amburgy JW1, Self DM3, Schnell A4, Morgan S4, Larios EA1, Chambers MR1 J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Apr 15 VIEW
Prospective Empirical Test Suite for Energy Practitioners Melinda H Connor1, Caitlin A Connor2, Jens Eickhoff3, Gary E Schwartz4 Explore (NY) 2020 Aug 1 VIEW
Brain States and Transitions: Insights from Computational Neuroscience Morten L Kringelbach1, Gustavo Deco2 Cell Rep 2020 Sep 8 VIEW
Effects of Taichi exercise on knee and ankle proprioception among individuals with knee osteoarthritis Xiaoyue Hu1, Zhangqi Lai1, Lin Wang1 Res Sports Med Apr-Jun 2020 VIEW
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) reduces oxidative stress and improves functional and psychological status in ischemic stroke patients. Cichoń N1, Bijak M1, Miller E2,3, Saluk J1 Bioelectromagnetics. 2017 Apr 21 VIEW
Tai Chi for Risk of Falls. A Meta-analysis. Lomas-Vega R1, Obrero-Gaitán E1, Molina-Ortega FJ1, Del-Pino-Casado R2 J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jul 24 VIEW
Effect of yoga training on inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein in employees of small-scale industries. Shete SU1, Verma A1, Kulkarni DD1, Bhogal RS1 J Educ Health Promot. 2017 Aug 9 VIEW
Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation Improves Long-Term Functional Outcomes and Protects Against Brain Damage in Traumatic Brain Injury. Chen SF1,2, Su WS3, Wu CH4, Lan TH5,6, Yang FY7,8 Mol Neurobiol. 2018 Jan 30 VIEW
Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ... 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 ... 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189