Physical activity and self-esteem development in children: A meta-analysis

Physical activity and self-esteem development in children: A meta-analysis. Gruber (1986) concluded that physical fitness contributes to an increase in self-esteem. The study set out to examine the link between aerobic exercise, self-esteem, and problem behaviors in third to fifth grade children. Gruber (1986) and Newsham (1989) report a trend among exercise studies that indicate that self-concept increased positively, and behavior problems lessened, after exercise interventions were implemented. Physical education in early elementary aged children does contribute to an increase in self-esteem. The greatest gains were seen in children with special needs.