Author: Tasnim Alkayyali1, Olive Ochuba2, Kosha Srivastava3, Jasmine K Sandhu4, Christine Joseph4, Sheila W Ruo5, Ashish Jain2, Ahsan Waqar4, Sujan Poudel3
Affiliation: <sup>1</sup> Pathology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
<sup>2</sup> Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
<sup>3</sup> Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
<sup>4</sup> Family Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
<sup>5</sup> General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.
Conference/Journal: Cureus
Date published: 2021 Aug 20
Other:
Volume ID: 13 , Issue ID: 8 , Pages: e17329 , Special Notes: doi: 10.7759/cureus.17329. , Word Count: 241
The use of mobile phones has widely increased over the last two decades. Mobile phones produce a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF), a form of non-ionizing radiation. In contrast to the ionizing radiation proven to cause DNA damage, the harmful effects of non-ionizing radiation on the human body have not been discovered yet. The thyroid gland is among the most susceptible organs to mobile phone radiation due to its location in the anterior neck. Our purpose in this literature review is to explore the effects of the electromagnetic field (EMF), especially radiofrequency emitted from mobile phones, on thyroid hormones and thyroid gland histopathology. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases for relevant studies published after the year 2000, using the following keywords: 'cell phones', 'mobile phones', 'telephones', 'electromagnetic fields', 'radiofrequency radiation', 'microwaves', 'thyroid gland', 'thyroid hormones', and 'thyroid cancer'. Our review revealed that mobile phone radiofrequency radiation (RFR) might be associated with thyroid gland insufficiency and alterations in serum thyroid hormone levels, with a possible disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The review also showed histopathological changes in the thyroid gland follicles after exposure of rats to non-ionizing radiation. The results were directly related to the amount and duration of exposure to EMF radiation. Further human studies exploring thyroid gland hormones, microscopic morphology, and thyroid cancer are highly recommended for future researches.
Keywords: cell phones; electromagnetic field; low-frequency radiation; microwaves; mobile phones; radiofrequency; thyroid cancer; thyroid gland; thyroid hormones.
PMID: 34567874 PMCID: PMC8451508 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17329