Author: Walsh KM1, Saab BJ2,3,4,5, Farb NA6
Affiliation: <sup>1</sup>Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.
<sup>2</sup>Mobio Interactive Inc, Biomedical Zone, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
<sup>3</sup>Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
<sup>4</sup>Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
<sup>5</sup>Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
<sup>6</sup>Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
Conference/Journal: JMIR Ment Health.
Date published: 2019 Jan 8
Other:
Volume ID: 6 , Issue ID: 1 , Pages: e10844 , Special Notes: doi: 10.2196/10844. , Word Count: 409
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness training (MT) includes a variety of contemplative practices aimed at promoting intentional awareness of experience, coupled with attitudes of nonjudgment and curiosity. Following the success of 8-week, manualized group interventions, MT has been implemented in a variety of modalities, including smartphone apps that seek to replicate the success of group interventions. However, although smartphone apps are scalable and accessible to a wider swath of population, their benefits remain largely untested.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate a newly developed MT app called Wildflowers, which was codeveloped with the laboratory for use in mindfulness research. It was hypothesized that 3 weeks of MT through this app would improve subjective well-being, attentional control, and interoceptive integration, albeit with weaker effects than those published in the 8 week, manualized group intervention literature.
METHODS: Undergraduate students completed 3 weeks of MT with Wildflowers (n=45) or 3 weeks of cognitive training with a game called 2048 (n=41). State training effects were assessed through pre- and postsession ratings of current mood, stress level, and heart rate. Trait training effects were assessed through pre- and postintervention questionnaires canvassing subjective well-being and behavioral task measures of attentional control and interoceptive integration. State and trait training data were analyzed in a multilevel model using emergent latent factors (acceptance, awareness, and openness) to summarize the trait questionnaire battery.
RESULTS: Analyses revealed both state and trait effects specific to MT; participants engaging in MT demonstrated improved mood (r=.14) and a reduction of stress (r=-.13) immediately after each training session compared with before the training session and decreased postsession stress over 3 weeks (r=-.08). In addition, MT relative to cognitive training resulted in greater improvements in attentional control (r=-.24). Interestingly, both groups demonstrated increased subjective ratings of awareness (r=.28) and acceptance (r=.23) from pre- to postintervention, with greater changes in acceptance for the MT group trending (r=.21).
CONCLUSIONS: MT, using a smartphone app, may provide immediate effects on mood and stress while also providing long-term benefits for attentional control. Although further investigation is warranted, there is evidence that with continued usage, MT via a smartphone app may provide long-term benefits in changing how one relates to their inner and outer experiences.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03783793; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03783793 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/75EF2ehst).
©Kathleen Marie Walsh, Bechara J Saab, Norman AS Farb. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (http://mental.jmir.org), 08.01.2019.
KEYWORDS: attention; interoception; mindfulness; mobile health; mood; stress, psychological
PMID: 30622094 DOI: 10.2196/10844