Quantum Processes in Neurophotonics and the Origin of the Brain's Spatiotemporal Hierarchy Author: Travis J.A. Craddock1 2 PhilipKurian 3 4 Jack A.Tuszynski 5 6 7 Stuart R.Hameroff 8 Affiliation: 1 Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, Computer Science, and Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States 2 Clinical Systems Biology Group, Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States 3 Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States 4 Quantum Biology Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States 5 Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada 6 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada 7 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy 8 Departments of Anesthesiology and Psychology, Center for Consciousness Studies, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States Conference/Journal: ScienceDirect - Neurophotonics and Biomedical Spectroscopy Date published: 2019 Other: Pages: 189-213 , Special Notes: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48067-3.00009-3 , Word Count: 60 We review the brain's complex dynamical organization necessary for cognition and consciousness and conclude that, rather than a linear computer of neuronal synapses, the brain seems to function more as a nonlinear spatiotemporal hierarchy of interacting, dynamically layered systems. The brain's hierarchy apparently spans multiple layers covering at least 12 orders of magnitude reaching from large (nearly brain-wide, ∼10 cm), relatively slow (